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A state government (provincial government in Canada) is the government of a country subdivision in a federal form of government, which shares political power with the federal or national government. A state government may have some level of political autonomy, or be subject to the direct control of the federal government. This relationship may be defined by a constitution. The reference to "state" denotes country subdivisions which are officially or widely known as "states", and should not be confused with a "sovereign state". Provinces are usually divisions of unitary states. Their governments, which are also ''provincial governments'', are not the subject of this article. The United States and Australia are the main examples of federal systems in which the term "state" is used for the subnational components of the federation. In addition, the Canadian provinces fulfil a similar role. The term for subnational units in non-English-speaking federal countries may also often be translated as "state", e.g. States of Germany (German ''Länder''). ==Australia== (詳細はCommonwealth of Australia is a federal nation with six states (and two mainland territories). Section 51 of the Australian Constitution sets out the division of legislative power between the states and the Commonwealth (federal) government. The Commonwealth government is given a variety of legislative powers, including control of foreign policy, taxation (although this cannot discriminate between states or parts of states), and regulation of interstate commerce and corporations.〔(Section 51 of the Australian Constitution ) at theamericanParliament website〕 Since the original ratification of the constitution, the High Court of Australia has settled a number of disputes concerning the extent of the Commonwealth's legislative powers, some of which have been controversial and extensively criticised; these included a dispute in 1982 over whether the Commonwealth was entitled to designate land for national heritage purposes under United Nations agreements,〔Barwick, Sir Garfield, (A View of the External Affairs Power ), Samuel Griffith Society〕 as well as numerous disputes over the extent of the Commonwealth's power over trade union and industrial relations legislation.〔Creighton, Breen, (One Hundred Years of the Conciliation and Arbitration Power: A Province Lost? ), Melbourne University Law Review〕 One difference between the Australian and United States models of federalism is that, in Australia, the Commonwealth Parliament has explicit constitutional power over marriage legislation; this has been a focal point for recent controversies over same-sex marriage.〔(The High Court and the Meaning of 'Marriage' in Section 51(xxi) of the Constitution ), Australian Parliamentary Library〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「State government」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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